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1995-01-22
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INFORMATION DATE 19930218
DESCRIPTION USDOL Program Highlights - Cotton Dust
TOPIC Cotton Dust
SUBJECT Cotton Dust
ABSTRACT Cotton dust is dust present in the air during the
handling or processing of cotton. This dust may
contain a mixture of many substances including ground
up plant matter, fiber, bacteria, fungi, soil,
pesticides, non-cotton matter, and other contaminants.
Exposure to cotton dust can mean serious health
problems.
U.S. Department of Labor
Program Highlights
__________________________________________________________________
Fact Sheet No. OSHA 92-23
COTTON DUST
Cotton dust is dust present in the air during the handling or
processing of cotton. This dust may contain a mixture of many
substances including ground up plant matter, fiber, bacteria,
fungi, soil, pesticides, non-cotton matter, and other contaminants.
HEALTH EFFECTS
Exposure to cotton dust can mean serious health problems. The
first symptoms of disease are difficulty in breathing or perhaps a
tightness across the chest which is particularly noticeable on the
first day back at work after a worker has been off for a few days.
Workers also cough up phlegm or mucous.
If exposure above the OSHA limit continues, workers may develop
byssinosis, also known as "brown lung" disease. While earlier
breathing difficulties may be reversible, damage at the advanced
stages of the disease is permanent and disabling. Workers who
develop brown lung may have to retire early because they are so
short of breath they cannot do their normal jobs or even carry out
simple tasks. Exposure to cotton dust also leads to increased risk
of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
At the time the final standard was published, as many as 100,000
workers in the cotton industry were "at risk" from cotton dust
exposure. An estimated 35,000 individuals are disabled from
byssinosis as a result of exposure to cotton dust.
WORKER PROTECTION
To protect workers from disabling respiratory diseases, employers
are required to limit the amount of respirable cotton dust in the
air. The limits - known as permissible exposure limits - are average
exposures as measured over an eight-hour workday. For yarn
manufacturing the limit is 200 micrograms of cotton dust per cubic
meter of air; for textile waste houses, 500 micrograms; for
slashing and weaving operations, 750 micrograms; and for waste
recycling and garnetting, 1000 micrograms.
Cottonseed processing operations are covered by the standard but
there is no permissible exposure limit.
DUST MEASUREMENT
Employers must measure the workplace cotton dust level at least
every six months, or whenever there are any changes in equipment or
work practices which might increase the amount of cotton dust in
the air. Measurements must be representative of an eight-hour
period and be performed for each shift and in each work area.
Employers must explain the procedure to their workers and permit
them to observe the monitoring. They must notify employees in
writing of the findings within five days after measurement. If the
levels are above OSHA standards, employers must list in the notice
to employees the steps they will take to correct problems.
DUST CONTROLS
Often employers can reduce dust levels by adjusting dust control
equipment, such as ventilation systems, and by cleaning and
repairing the equipment regularly. An employer's dust control
program must include, at a minimum, the following: (1) cleaning
floors with a vacuum or another method that cuts down the spreading
of dust; (2) disposing of dust in such a way that as little dust
scatters as possible; (3) using mechanical methods to stack, dump
or otherwise handle cotton or cotton waste, when
possible; (4) checking, cleaning, and repairing dust control
equipment and ventilation systems. Compressed air may not be used
to clean clothing and floors and may only be used to clean
equipment if no other methods are possible and workers involved in
the cleaning wear respirators. If these measures fail to reduce
the cotton dust levels below the OSHA limits, employers must try
additional engineering controls and work practices.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Employers must supply employees with respirators, if other measures
are not sufficient to reduce exposure to levels lower than or equal
to the PEL. If respirators are necessary, workers are to be fitted
for them and instructed in using, cleaning, and maintaining them.
An employee who cannot wear a respirator for medical reasons must
have the opportunity to transfer to another job where the level of
cotton dust is within the OSHA limit, at no loss in pay, seniority,
or other rights and benefits, if another position is available.
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS
In addition to reducing the dust in the air, employers must provide
free annual medical exams, including breathing tests, to workers
employed in dust areas. If workers show significant physical
changes, more frequent exams must be made available to them.
Results are to be provided to workers, and workers may copy exam
and test results if they wish. Employers are to maintain the
records for 20 years and make them available to workers or to their
designated representatives with the consent of the workers and to
OSHA and NIOSH on request.
TRAINING PROGRAM
To insure that employees are aware of the hazards of cotton dust,
employers are required to conduct a training program at least
annually. Warning signs must be posted in work areas where the
cotton dust level is higher than the OSHA limit.
For a copy of OSHA's cotton dust standard or other materials on the
hazard, send a self-addressed label to OSHA Publications, Room
N3101, Frances Perkins Building, 200 Constitution Ave., NW,
Washington, DC, 20210 or call (202) 219-4667.
# # #
________________________________________________________________
This is one of a series of fact sheets highlighting U.S. Department
of Labor programs. It is intended as a general description only
and does not carry the force of legal opinion. This information
will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 219-8151. TDD message referral phone:
1-800-326-2577.